Transcription profiling analysis of mangofusarium mangiferae. The disease causes fruit drop 1070%, yield loss 1085% and storage rot 5100%. Leaves show oval or irregular, greyishbrown spots which may coalesce to cover larger area of the leaf. Mango malformation is the most important and threatening disease of recent times, primarily because of persistent lacuna in complete. To determine whether the mite can carry the fungal conidia on its body, bud mites collected from infested buds in the orchard were exposed to a gfp green fluorescent proteinmarked isolate of the fungus. This problem has attracted many agencies and governments of mangogrowing countries to find out the causes and method to control this disease. Scanning electron microcopy studies on mango malformation.
In israel frequent applications of prochloraz and cultural practices have had. Molecular characterization of fusarium subglutinans. Sometimes called the polio of the mango production sector, it is spreading swiftly through the mangogrowing areas of south africa. Anthracnose anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by colletotrichum gloeosporioides.
The disease cycle of mango malformation induced by fusarium. Mango malformation disease mmd was first observed in india in 1891 and has since spread across the globe to become the most important floral disease of. The disease is characterized by malformation of vegetative growth and inflorescences, causing serious yield loss because malformed panicles do not bear fruit 17,19. The two main diseases of mangoes are anthracnose and bacterial black spot. Genetic diversity of fusarium mangiferae isolated from.
Mango malformation disease mmd, was first recorded in india in 1891 campbell and marlatt, 1986. There are about 1500 varieties of mango in the world of which about 1200 are found in india. The disease has been reduced to insignificant levels in india, israel, and south africa simply by removing affected shoots once flower. Malformation caused by fusarium mangiferae is one of the most destructive mango diseases affecting the canopy and floral development, leading to dramatic reduction in fruit yield. Mango malformation disease affects both vegetative and reproductive structures of the plant. Thirtyeight isolates from mmaffected mango tissues were collected from two cities and assessed for genetic diversity using vegetative compatibility groups vcgs and inter simple sequence repeats issrs. Diseases of fruit, plantation, medicinal and aromatic crops. This study was conducted to assess the epidemiology and its pathogenesis of mango malformation disease in egypt. Epidemiology and the association of the fusarium species. Malformation, arguably the most important disease of mango mangifera indica l. In israel frequent applications of prochloraz and cultural practices have had a positive effect on reducing the disease. It has been found in many overseas mango producing countries.
Phyllosticta leaf spot phyllosticta mortonii phyllosticta citricarpa guignardia citricarpa teleomorph phyllosticta anacardiacearum. Malformation is the most threatening malady that causes great economic loss and limits the mango production in india and among tropical and subtropical countries around the globe. Chiari malformation and syringomyelia 5 chiari malformation also known as arnold chiari malformation as used today, chiari malformation cm implies descent of the cerebellar tonsils through the largest opening at the base of the skull foramen magnum into the upper cervical neck region. Vegetative and floral malformation a physiological disorder affecting inflorescence floral malformation and. The disease is more in northwest than in the northeast and south india. Management practices for mango malformation the hindu. Mango malformation disorder mmd is a fungal disease of mangoes caused by several species of fusarium. Mango malformation is one of the most destructive mango diseases 1. Mango malformation is one of the most destructive diseases of this crop, occurring in most mangoproducing regions worldwide 7,17,30,32,33. Pdf new insights into mango malformation disease epidemiology. If you know that you have a pest or disease do not transport infested plant material to uninfested properties. Mango malformation mm disease is a major constraint to mango production. Mango malformation disease causes abnormal lower and leaf development, resulting in reduced plant growth and fruit yield. It is difficult to understand growth habit of tree, vegetative as well as reproductively.
Biological management of mango malformation using antifungal. Mmd, a fungal infection, causes abnormal flower and leaf development, resulting in reduced plant growth and fruit yield. Mango malformation described as disease and a physiological disorder has become one of the most wide ly distributed threatening problems in mango growing orchards in india as well as in many other. Epidemiology and the association of the fusarium species with. Losses due to malformation have not been accurately assessed because yield loss is not a linear function of disease severity 3. Mango malformation disease mmd is the worlds most destructive mango disease. A number of fusarium species has been reported to be associated with the malformation disease of mango 3. Oidium mangiferae acrosporiumoidium mangiferae acrosporium mangiferaemangiferae 3 3 mango. Mango malformation disease mmd is one of the most im portant and destructive diseases of this crop 30,58. Ripe fruit, either before or after picking, can then develop prominent darkbrown to black decay spots figure 3.
Among the known diseases of mango, mango malformation is the most serious. Fusarium mangiferae occurs in many mangogrowing countries worldwide and is one of the most. Biocontrol of fusarium mangiferae responsible for mango. Mango malformation disease mmd caused by fusarium mangiferae severely affects the.
Pilotscale production and optimizing of cellulolytic. Mango is known as king of fruits and pakistan is placed at 5th position worldwide in production phase. It affects floral and vegetative shoots, and reduces fruit production. The most recent published work on a mango disease in hawaii was in 1971, when dr. This disease is caused by fusarium subglutinans, which is also associated with diseases on many other hosts, such as pineapple, pine, maize and sugarcane. A total of 393 fragments were amplified after screening with 50 random primers. During a survey of mango plantations in sindh for investi. In south africa, mbm control practices have yielded variable results. Interaction of the mite aceria mangiferae with fusarium. Oidium mangiferae acrosporiumoidium mangiferae acrosporium mangiferaemangiferae 3 3 mango malformationmango malformation. Frontiers transcription profiling analysis of mango. Identification and characterization of fusarium mangiferae as. A total of 20 fusarium isolates from mmaffected mango plants were collected from 14 locations in pakistan and assessed for genetic diversity using the random amplified polymorphic dna rapd technique.
This disease is caused by a complex of fungal pathogens, of which various fusarium spp. Mangiferin 1,3,6,7tetrahydroxy xanthonec2bdglucoside promoted vegetative growth and exhibited inhibitory role on the occurrence of malformation. Genetic diversity of fusarium mangiferae isolated from mango. The characteristic symptoms of the floral malformation are compact and clustery appearance of flower. Malformation is the most threatening disease causing colossal losses in yield every year 3 mangos are grown and causes the most severe damage in egypt 3,5. The challenge posed by the problem attracted interest of scientists from various disciplines. Fusarium mangiferae localization in planta during initiation and. Mango malformation disease is a fungal disease of mango. Symptoms of the disease include loss of the apical dominance and swelling of vegetative buds, proliferation of leaves and flowers, phyllody and hypertrophy of. Malformation is widely prevalent in northern india, particularly in the states of punjab, delhi and western u. Losses due to malformation have not been accurately assessed because yield loss is not a linear function of disease severity 2. Malformation disease of mango mangifera indica initially noted in patches in india has now turned into a global menace wherever mango is grown. Prior to that, aragaki published two papers on the. To further understand the mechanism of interaction between mango and f.
It has been suggested in the literature that the mango bud mite, aceria mangiferae, plays an important role in the epidemiology of mango malformation caused by fusarium mangiferae. Pakistani mango also has 4th rank in worldwide exports chain. Mango nurseries as sources of fusarium mexicanum, cause of. Growing of thick vegetative shoots at the growing tip and transformation of floral parts into compact mass of sterile flowers and giving appearance like bunchy top two types. Symptoms of the disease include loss of the apical dominance and swelling of vegetative buds, proliferation of leaves. Blight diseases in mangoes the two main diseases of mangoes are anthracnose and bacterial black spot. Anthracnose infections start as small, angular, brown to black spots. Blight diseases in mangoes nsw department of primary. Mango diseases are best managed by integrated strategies including disease prevention, pruning and use of chemicals. Molecular diagnosis of mango malformation disease and. Many commercial cultivars of mango including langra, dashehari, arnrapali, mallika and totapuri are susceptible to this disease. Malformation is the most important disease of mango in mexico.
This agnote explains the diseases, causes, symptoms and the pesticide program for their control. The characteristic symptom of the disease is the white superficial powdery fungal growth on. It occurs throughout many mangoproduction areas in the world. Identification and characterization of fusarium mangiferae. Integrated control of mango blossom malformation in south africa. Mango malformation disease mmd mango malformation disease is a fungal disease of mango caused by several species of fusarium, some yet to be described. In this study a pcr diagnostic tool was developed for detection of f. Mango malformation is a serious disease of mangifera. The assay is suitable for both invitro and invivo tests, and is capable of detecting 10. Mango malformation described as disease and a physiological disorder has become one of the most wide ly distributed threatening problems in. Microconidia are obovoid, oval to allantoid, 0septate conidia are abundant.
Anthracnose the latent invisible infection is preset in the green fruit in a dormant state, and becomes active during the ripening process. Fungal disease threatens sa mango industry farmers weekly. Lecture 02 diseases of mango 2 lectures anthracnose. Worldwide, mango anthracnose is the most important and destructive disease of mango, although in drier areas in hawaii, mango powdery mildew is probably the more. It was reported for the first time from darbhanga, bihar. Download adobe acrobat reader free software to read pdf files. Mango malformation is one of the most destructive diseases of this crop, occurring in most mango producing regions worldwide 7,17,30,32,33. Mango malformation disease, caused by fusarium mangiferae, is one of the most important diseases affecting mango production. Mango blossom malformation mbm caused mainly by fusarium mangiferae is a major constraint in mango production worldwide. The crop was found to suffer from floral and vegetative malformation caused by fusarium spp. In production phase mango is produced more at 2nd position after citrus. It affects tree growth and is not spread or carried on fruit. Mango malformation vegetative malformation is more pronounced on young mango seedlings and plants. Mango malformation disease mmd caused by various fusaria, including the fungus fusarium mangiferae, is difficult to diagnose and cannot be controlled effectively.
A evaluated for moniliformin production, seven isolates. Mango malformation is a serious disease of mangifera indica. Mango malformation is a serious malady in mango production, occurring wo rldwide and causing significant economic loss due to the general incapacity of malformed vegetative and inflorescences. Molecular identification of mango malformation pathogens. Mango malformation mmd is an ambiguous disease of mango with the tremendous economic importance throughout the mango growing. Mango malformation disease mmd affecting inflorescences and vegetative plant. Mango malformation disease mmd is one of the most threatening preharvest diseases of mango, causing major yield and financial losses to the industry worldwide.
The affected plants developed swollen abnormal vegetative growth with short internodes. An overview on mango malformation and the potential approaches. Mango malformation disease mmd is one of the most important and destructive diseases of this crop. Published accounts of mango disease research in hawaii are very limited. The disease is found on leaves, petioles, twigs, branches and fruits. Mango malformation is one of the most destructive mango diseases 1,2. It is the most common disease of mangoes on the north coast. Phialides on aerial conidiophores mono and polyphialidic. This problem has attracted many agencies and governments of mango growing countries to find out the causes and method to control this disease. The assay is suitable for both invitro and invivo tests, and is capable of detecting. Update on mango malformation disorder in the northern.
The disease spreads on a tree very slowly, but if left unchecked, can severely reduce yields. It affects in florescences and vegetative portions. Movement of plant material infested with pests and diseases such as mango fruit borer, mango seed weevil, fruit flies and mango malformation disorder may require treatment or should not be transported to uninfested areas. Cook, while on sabbatical leave here, published an abstract on the scaly barkwoody gall problem on mango trunks 5. It occurs throughout many mango production areas in the world. The malformed panicles remain unproductive and are characterized by a compact mass of male flowers, greenish in colour and stunted in growth. Blight diseases in mangoes department of primary industries. Note that fruit symptoms may not become evident until the fruit arrives at the market. Yet hawaiis mango production could be significantly greater if anthracnose was not such a major problem. Mango malformation disease and the associated fusarium species. Mangiferin, a nonto xic po lyphenol and a normal metabolite was repo rted to arrest t he secretion o f fusar ic acid by the fusarium. Apr 15, 2015 mango malformation is a fungal disease. Mango mangifera indica is the only known host of mango.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioidescolletotrichum gloeosporioides 22 powdery mildewpowdery mildew. The disease appears on young leaves, stem, inflorescence and fruits. Mango malformation disease mmd caused by the fungus. Powdery mildew is one of the most serious diseases of mango affecting almost all the varieties. It causes mango malformation disease mmd and induces vegetative development abnormalities in shoots that leads to misshaped buds, short internodes, dwarf and narrow leaves. Some common diseases of mango in florida 2 figure 2. The f subglutinans strains associated with different hosts are virtually.
The spread of the disease is a major concern for south african producers schoeman et al. Mmd is caused by one or more fungal species of the genus. Mangiferin changes associated with mango malformation pathogens were followed after inoculated mango seedlings three years with malformation pathogens i. Diseases of mangodiseases of mango 1 anthracnose1 anthracnose. Infection dynamics of fusarium mangiferae, causal agent of mango malformation disease.